Dear Students of Writing,
I love you all. Really, I do. It is a pleasure for me to spend a short time with you each class, assisting you in developing your writing skills and encouraging you to consider writing as an important facet of your adult lives and whatever careers you may undertake upon your graduation.
To that goal, let me provide you with a short list of problems I constantly encounter and examples that will show you how to avoid those problems. Granted, there are many issues we struggle with in each and every paper, but this short list consists of the problems I find most often semester after semester.
Therefore, I shall expect to never find another example of these particular errors in your subsequent writing. That's a fair deal, is it not?
Little
Notes on Little Errors
comma splice sentences
The comma-splice sentence is where two or more complete
sentences are joined by a comma. To correct the problem, try one of these
solutions:
1) replace the comma with a period followed by the start
of a new sentence
2) replace the comma with the word and
3) make the comma into a semicolon
Example:
I went to school in Philadelphia, it
was the best year of my life.
You can rewrite the sentence one of these ways:
I went to school in Philadelphia. It
was the best year of my life.
I went to school in Philadelphia and it
was the best year of my life.
I went to school in Philadelphia; it
was the best year of my life.
(Remember to check the rules of semicolon use below!)
me and my sister / my sister
and I
We like to be polite and put others before ourselves,
yet this can be confusing when we write the same phrases as subject versus as
object.
For example:
Me and my sister went to the mall.
Should be: My sister and I went to the
mall. [as subject]
They are the best friends of me and my sister.
OR
They are the best friends of my sister and I.
Should be: They are the best friends of my sister and
me.
To check the correctness of the phrase, try leaving out
the my sister and just use I or me and see how it sounds.
Then add back the my sister part.
there / their
It's easy to remember the difference! Think of the I
in THEIR as meaning a person! THEIR is a possessive pronoun. THERE
designates a place or state of being. For example:
I like riding in their car. Their
car is parked over there.
There is nothing better than driving their
car!
to / too / two
These words are often confused and spellcheckers won't
catch them! For example:
He is good at Math. She is good at Math, too.
[also]
The two books we bought were too
expensive! [number and high amount]
We are going to school to take a class in
biology. [direction and as auxiliary verb]
proper nouns / nouns
We capitalize the names of people, places, and
organizations. However, we do not capitalize the noun when we leave off
the particular designating word. For example:
I graduated from Northeast High
School.
(Northeast is the name of the high school so we
capitalize the entire name.)
I graduated from high school last year.
(high school is not the name of the school, just what
kind of school it is.)
Don't forget: we graduate FROM high school, not graduate high school.
Schools do not graduate, only students do.
everyday vs. every day
Everyday is an adjective
while every day is an adverb and a noun.
This is my everyday pair
of shoes.
Every day I wear the same
pair of shoes.
people / things &
conjunctions
We like to give people credit for being human so we use who
as a conjunction and reserve that for use with things. For
example:
The people who came to school were the happiest.
Cars that crash never work as well as they
should.
if / whether
We generally use if in situations where the
answer is yes or no.
We use whether when we are comparing things that
have relatively equal value.
I want to know if students use "if" too
much in their papers.
(The answer is:
"Yes, they do.")
I want to know whether students prefer history
class or English class.
(The answer is:
"They prefer English class.")
amount / number
When something can be counted, such as people, we use number.
When something is uncountable, such as water (but not
glasses of water), we use amount.
The number of people surveyed was one hundred.
The amount of beer we drank was more than we
could afford.
then / than
Remember that the word then refers to
1) a
sequence in time, or
2) a cause and effect relationship.
The word than
refers to a comparison being made.
We stayed at school until five o'clock. Then
we went home.
I'd rather study than watch television tonight.
nice
Originally from the Latin word necius
meaning "ignorant, not knowing"
Old French = simpleminded, stupid
Middle English = foolish, wanton
Modern usage = 1. marked by conformity to convention; not unusual
2. pleasant and satisfying
Try to use a more precise word!
OK
Originates from the Democratic
O.K. Club of New York City.
In the 1840 Democratic Party campaign, Martin van Buren, who was born in Kinderhook, NY (near Albany), was the
candidate. Martin van Buren was affectionately called “Old Kinderhook”
and the designation “O.K.” was a secret sign of being a member of the O.K.
Club; hence, an accepted person. (You can hold up your hand in an
"OK" sign or gesture, touching the tip of the index finger to the tip
of the thumb in a loop with the other fingers extended, and it looks like the letters
"OK".)
Proper usage is to write it as: O.K.
or o.k.
(Writing it without periods is OK,
too, but keep the letters as capitals, in that case.)
okay = spelling of the
pronunciation of the abbreviation (used it only in dialogue)
all right
The correct form is: Is everything
all right? NOT Is everything alright?
(Exception: in story dialogue,
characters sometimes say: “awright.”)
i.e.
id est (Latin) = that is
(“in other words”); used to introduce a rephrasing of the primary statement
I have a great respect for
her, i.e., I’m impressed by her success.
e.g.
exempli gratis (Latin) =
example for free (“for example”); used to introduce a series of examples relevant
to the primary statement
She played only team sports
in college, e.g., softball, soccer, basketball.
etc.
et cetera (Latin) = and
similar; used to indicate the previous pattern or item continues in a similar
fashion. (Note: There is no need to use and with etc. because and is included in the
abbreviation etc.)
She played only team sports
in high school: softball, soccer, etc.
possessives & plurals
possessive: It's a student’s book. (it’s = it is [conjunction])
plural: Many students have books. (all the students)
plural-possessive: The students’ books are expensive. (more than one student)
:
(colon)
A:B —used to:
1) list
examples originating in statement A,
2) answer a question posed in statement A;
statement B is not a complete sentence
1. I like fruit: apples, pears,
and oranges.
or
These are the fruit I like: apples, pears, and oranges.
2. Film versions have captured the
horror of the monster [how?]: he talks!
;
(semi-colon)
A;B —used to:
1)
rephrase statement A for a particular effect,
2) connect related statements
closer than as consecutive sentences (complementary statements); statement B must
be a complete sentence
1. He is the best chef in town;
he’s been given many awards.
2. They enjoy dining out at
expensive establishments; the thrill of walking out without paying is greater
at such restaurants.
’
(apostrophe)
Do NOT use for plural forms
of acronyms and years; using the apostrophe in such cases makes the acronym or
year possessive.
CEOs (not
CEO’s) CDs (not
CD’s)
1980s (not
1980’s) 1980s
= 1980 through 1989
1980’s = only related to the year 1980
however
Always use commas with the word
“however”!
However, we won’t be showing the
whole film tonight.
We won’t, however, be showing the
whole film tonight.
We won’t be showing the whole
film tonight, however.
[Exception: however as a descriptive term, for example: It will be good however he plans it. = no matter in what way he plans it.]
double negative
As in math, two negatives result
in a positive; the same is true in English (but not always in other languages).
We don’t have no more bananas.
We don’t have any more
bananas.
redundancy
No need to use a qualifier when
the quality is obvious: large in size, blue in color, fast
in speed.
money & time
$12.75 = twelve dollars and seventy-five
cents
$12.00 = twelve dollars and no
cents X (no need to use cents if 00)
$12
= twelve dollars
10:30 am = ten-thirty
10:00 am = ten o’clock X (no
need to use minutes if they are 00)
10
am = ten o’clock
generic “you” & he/she/they
Do not use “you” in academic
writing unless you are directly addressing the reader! If “you” refers to
a generic person, use alternate words.
First, you have to go to
registration to get your schedule.
First, one has to go to
registration to get one’s schedule.
If possible, try using a
plural form such as “students” or “people.”
When a student parks
on campus they must have a tag on their car.
When students park on
campus they must have tags on their cars.
Use “he” and “she” when
appropriate but be aware of the awkward effect when the words are
compounded. Or try using a plural noun.
When he or she takes the
final exam, he or she must bring a blue book.
When he/she takes the
final exam, he/she must bring a blue book.
When students take the final
exam, he or she must bring a blue book.
When students take the
final exam, they must bring a blue book.
Use “he” or “she” when
referring to a same-sex group.
Sisters in my sorority must
always have their pledge card with them.
A sister in my sorority must
always have her pledge card with her.
numbers
Write out numbers which would be a
single word (one hyphen is allowed).
It’s one in a
million. NOT
It’s 1 in 1,000,000. NOT
It’s one in 1 million.
There are 25 of
us.
NOT twenty-five
He was born in
1978. NOT
nineteen-hundred seventy-eight
[Exception #1: In a research paper
it is better to use all digits/numerals in paragraphs where you are writing a
lot of statistics.]
Combinations of numbers and words
are permitted:
The budget this year is 1.5
million dollars.
OR
The budget this year is $1.5
million.
[Exception #2: When characters say
numbers in dialogue (but not when quoting someone in a research paper)
the number is written out no matter how long the words may be. Same applies to
abbreviations, like Dr., Mr., and Mrs.]
As I counted the 25 dollars in my hand, I called to Dr. Smith: “Doctor
Smith! I’ll be there at seven-thirty with twenty-five dollars!”
streamlining
Never use two words when one good
word will do.
We spent the class talking
about poetry.
We spent the class discussing
poetry.
That game show is kind of like
my Ethics class.
That game show is similar to
my Ethics class.
Never use a colloquialism when a
standard word is available.
Nowadays, people can fly
there in two hours.
Today, people can fly
there in two hours.
Oftentimes, we get a
cappuccino after class.
Often, we get a cappuccino
after class.
commas & lists
Though it is not incorrect, it is
better for the sake of clarity to use a comma before “and” when listing items.
We went to Kansas
City, St. Louis, and Chicago.
quotation marks
“
”
‘
’
In American English, double
quotation marks are the primary marks and single quotation marks are used when
necessary within the double quotation marks.
Periods and commas always go
inside the quotation marks, no matter whether it is a quotation or a word
marked for emphasis.
Question marks that occur within a
quotation remain inside the quotation marks; otherwise, question marks (as well
as colons, semi-colons, dashes, and exclamation points) go outside of the
quotation marks.
Quotation marks are also used:
1)
to indicate a word is used as the word itself and not as part of the sentence;
2) to emphasize a word or phrase for its satirical nature or its unusual usage;
3) to mark the title of an essay, story, article, or song; or
4) to mark a
phrase as a common expression.
Some examples:
Mr. Smith said, “Jones told us Bob’s ‘got a fine head on
his shoulders.’”
Mrs. Brown told Henry to get his “newfangled contraption”
out of the way.
“There’s no excuse for not knowing,” cried his father.
“Is there any of that pie left?” he asked.
In his essay “What’s Wrong With Interjections?”, Peter
Jones responds candidly: “Balderdash!”
His colleagues insisted that he retract his ‘claims,’ the
journal reported.
Isn’t “quotation” a better word to use than “quote”?
“Quotation marks” are what this punctuation is correctly
called.
His actions show him to be a “boy who cried wolf”!
The contract was unreadable, full of errors and
“doublespeak.”
PLEASE NOTE that the above notes are intended for academic writing in particular and everyday writing in general.
Writing fiction or poetry or something of a creative nature will entitle you to break some or all of the above "rules" if done so in order to achieve a particular rhetorical effect, to stay in the character's way of thinking or speaking, to elicit a certain emotional response from readers, or to demonstrate your innate rebelliousness. These creative means are not intended to be used in the writing of standard academic essays and/or research papers which may be assigned in any course.
Talk with your instructor to determine the limitations, if any, on the correctness of your writing in the vernacular known as Standard Edited English. Thank you for your attention.
Have an amazingly awesome day! (Write something.)
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(C) Copyright 2010-2016 by Stephen M. Swartz. All Rights Reserved. No part of this blog, whether text or image, may be used without me giving you written permission, except for brief excerpts that are accompanied by a link to this entire blog.
Violators shall be written into novels as characters who are killed off. Serious violators shall be identified and dealt with according to the laws of the United States of America.
At the same time, I had been planning last spring (again 2019) for someone special to join me here - and that factored into the plot of the story, as well. So as I traveled around last summer, having not much to do while regretting that there would be no wonderful reunion after all, I put all the elements together. A what-if story! What if this happened and then this also happened? How would the people in the situation handle it? What would they do? That's got to be awkward. ...And the book was born.
